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REFUGEE Characters

Alan gratz

Three kids, three eras, one desperate flight toward freedom.

Who drives the story

Main characters

Josef Landau

A twelve-year-old German Jew forced to become the man of his family the night Hitler Youth come for him. He sacrifices himself in France so his sister Ruthie can live.

Appears in:
Part 1: Berlin, 1938: The Night They Came for Josef
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back
Themes:
The cost of saying no
Children forced into adulthood
History repeating

Isabel Fernandez

An eleven-year-old Havana trumpet player who cannot count clave and feels estranged from her own culture. She steers her family to Miami through storm, sharks, and a birth at sea.

Appears in:
Part 2: Havana, 1994: The Trumpet for Gasoline
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back
Themes:
The cost of saying no
Children forced into adulthood

Mahmoud Bishara

A twelve-year-old Syrian who survives by being invisible, until a missile takes his home and he must choose visibility. He gives up his baby sister Hana to strangers to save her life.

Appears in:
Part 3: Aleppo to Berlin, 2015: Learning to Be Invisible
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back
Themes:
Invisibility as survival, visibility as salvation
Children forced into adulthood

Aaron Landau

Josef's father, released from Dachau after six months skeletal and shattered. His breakdown forces Josef to slap him sane, and his survival in Cuba comes too late for his daughter.

Appears in:
Part 1: Berlin, 1938: The Night They Came for Josef

Lito / Mariano Padron

Isabel's grandfather, revealed as the Cuban officer who turned away the St. Louis decades earlier. He jumps into the Straits of Florida to buy his family's landing.

Appears in:
Part 1: Berlin, 1938: The Night They Came for Josef
Part 2: Havana, 1994: The Trumpet for Gasoline
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back
Themes:
The cost of saying no

Ruthie Landau

Josef's little sister, spared by his sacrifice. She survives the Holocaust and, as an old woman in Berlin, shelters Mahmoud's family.

Appears in:
Part 1: Berlin, 1938: The Night They Came for Josef
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back
Themes:
Children forced into adulthood
History repeating

Also in the story

Supporting characters

Captain Gustav Schröder

The St. Louis's captain, who refuses to sail his Jewish passengers back to Germany and bargains with European nations for their lives.

Appears in:
Part 4: The Convergence: What Was Given Back

How they are connected

Key relationships

Go deeper

REFUGEE themes & symbols

The cost of saying no · Invisibility as survival, visibility as salvation · Children forced into adulthood · History repeating

Themes explained

Read the full REFUGEE summary

The full story act by act, the ending explained and a quick quiz.

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