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Number the Stars Themes & Symbols

Lois Lowry

A ten-year-old girl runs through dark woods to save her best friend from the Nazis.

What the book is about

Themes

Courage you don't feel

Annemarie insists she isn't brave — she's the girl who didn't know what was in the casket, who didn't know what the handkerchief was for. Henrik tells her, 'It is much easier to be brave if you do not know everything,' and the whole escape runs on that principle: the children don't know, the refugees don't know, even Annemarie on her run doesn't know. Yet she still goes, heart pounding, reciting Little Red Riding-Hood to herself. The book's point is that courage isn't fearlessness; it's doing the frightening thing anyway, often while knowing as little as possible.

Characters:Annemarie JohansenUncle Henrik

Ordinary neighbors as heroes

No one in this book wears a cape. A mother lies about typhus. A fisherman says the weather is good for fishing when it's gray and misty. Five-year-old Kirsti distracts soldiers by chattering about her shoes. Danish scientists soak a handkerchief with rabbit's blood and cocaine to numb the noses of tracking dogs. Lowry's point is that resistance is not a profession; it's a choice available to anyone, including a ten-year-old with a basket.

Characters:Kirsti Johansen

Friendship across difference

Annemarie and Ellen are best friends first — they race home from school together, they joke. When Ellen's family is targeted simply for being Jewish, the Johansens don't hesitate: Ellen poses as their dead daughter. In the end, Annemarie wears Ellen's Star of David herself, promising to wear it until Ellen comes home. The book's point is that love between friends can be stronger than a regime's categories.

Characters:Annemarie JohansenEllen Rosen

What children can bear to know

The adults in this book constantly manage what the children know. Mrs. Johansen takes the girls to Uncle Henrik's house in Gilleleje, telling them it is for a visit. Henrik tells Annemarie, 'It is much easier to be brave if you do not know everything.' Annemarie confronts Henrik, who tells her she should not know too much. The book asks a hard question: when does shielding a child become deceiving her?

Characters:Annemarie JohansenMrs. JohansenUncle Henrik

Loss as the price of rescue

The escape succeeds, but nobody gets out clean. Lise is dead, run down by a truck while working with the Resistance. Peter is captured and executed, buried in an unmarked grave. Mrs. Johansen's ankle is broken. Ellen leaves her necklace behind. Even the ending is bittersweet: Denmark is liberated, but Ellen is still in Sweden, and Annemarie is wearing her symbol for her.

Characters:Annemarie JohansenEllen RosenPeter NeilsenMrs. JohansenLise Johansen

Objects that carry meaning

Symbols

The Star of David necklace

Ellen's necklace marks her Jewish identity — the very thing the Nazis hunt her for. Annemarie finds it hidden for safekeeping in Lise's trunk, with its clasp broken. When Annemarie repairs it and wears it herself, the symbol becomes a promise: friendship outlasting persecution, worn openly until Ellen returns.

The closed casket

The fake coffin for a great-aunt who never existed holds blankets and warm clothes instead of a body — death turned into a container of life. The soldiers leave without opening it after Mrs. Johansen tells them the deceased died of typhus.

The handkerchief

A small white square soaked with rabbit's blood and cocaine, it numbs the noses of Nazi tracking dogs. The packet that nearly costs Annemarie her life turns out to be the thing that saves everyone.

The king's horse

King Christian X rides through Copenhagen every morning, unguarded, greeting his people.

Spoilers

The ending explained

The ending refuses triumph. Denmark is liberated, but Peter is dead in an unmarked grave, Lise's sacrifice is finally named, and Ellen is still in Sweden. What Lowry gives instead is a gesture: Annemarie finds the Star of David necklace hidden in Lise's trunk, has her father fix the broken clasp, and puts it on. 'I will wear it myself. I will wear it until Ellen comes home.' Either way, the ending lands because it's small and concrete: a necklace, a promise, an open question of return.

Who is who

Number the Stars characters

Every character, where they appear and how they are connected.

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